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Transition metals play crucial roles in various biological processes, serving as essential cofactors for enzymes, regulators of gene expression, and participants in redox reactions. This review explores the multifaceted roles of transition metals, such as iron, copper, zinc, manganese, and others, in biological systems. Through intricate coordination chemistry, transition metals facilitate catalysis of biochemical reactions, maintenance of cellular homeostasis, and signaling pathways critical for cell survival and function. However, dysregulation of transition metal homeostasis can lead to pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and metabolic disorders. Understanding the intricate interplay between transition metals and biological systems is essential for unraveling the mechanisms underlying health and disease and may pave the way for the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting metal-related pathways. Transition metals occupy a central position in the chemistry of life, serving as indispensable cofactors in a myriad of biological processes. From catalysis and electron transfer to oxygen transport and signaling, transition metals play diverse and vital roles in the intricate machinery of living organisms. This article explores the multifaceted roles of transition metals in biological systems, shedding light on their structural, functional, and regulatory significance.
